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The Ottoman Empire in the Industrial Era

Human-Environmental Interaction

- Raw materials were shipped to europe
- End of period - Soley down to fertile cresent & surrounding area
- Suez Canal built
- Relied on countryside to feed empire - Focused on keeping istanbul happy ⇒ non-Istanbul states unhappy
-Increased migration over course of period, decreased closer to end

Islamic trade routes

Islamic trade routes. Image from here.

Culture

- Millet system
     - Variety of religions in regions
     ⇒ Regions break free, Tanzimat reforms tolerance because of nationalism ideas
     ⇒ Culture dominated by Western Europeans

Politics

- Crimean War - Russians invade Ottomans, Britain and France help, Ottomans win ⇒ concessions to Suez Canal, Russians lose dignity
- Balkan Wars - 1906 - 1912 - nationalism
    ⇒ lost balkans, egypt, north africa, libya
    ⇒ individual nationalities, gain independence, fight brutally
- 1882 - british annex egypt
- Was never able to industrialize because of failed self-strengthening movement.
     - tanzimat reforms - sultan selim III
     ⇒ Janissary revolts
- Western educated elites begin to see sultan as barrier to more reforms
     ⇒ clash with conservative elite - ayan, ulama


Muhammad Ali - Very important conqueror
Muhammad Ali- Very important conqueror. Image from here.

Even more Politics

- Abdul Hamid - despotic absolutism - limit liberties, nullified constitution, ended in bloodless coup 1908
- Young turks - determined to bring back constitution
- Sultan retained as political figurehead and highest religious authority
- Nationalism - sparked by napoleonistic ideas, fueled balkan revolutions and separation of egypt - individual nationalities, increased by end of period.
- Greece won independence in 1929
- France colonized and took Algeria - Considered a white colony because lots of colonists.
- Same with Italy and Libya
- **Was dissolved by the end of the period, surprising because was able to last a long period of time, with slow declination rates**

Economics

- Muhammad ali - economic reforms
     - Westernized - railways, telegraphs, newspapers, military
     - “Sick man of europe”
- Originally based on trade and agriculture, relied on slaves
    - Suez canal → only cotton based agriculture, no more transportation based economy.
         - Used Egyptian laborers to be built


Present Day Suez Canal

P.D. Suez Canal. Image from here.

Social Life

- Women gained few freedoms in tanzimat reforms
- Slavery outlawed
- Mullet system
     - One religious leader rules region
     - Creation of Young Turks because of Tanzimat reforms
     - Higher education and social standards

Bibliography!

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