- Raw materials were shipped to europe
- End of period - Soley down to fertile cresent & surrounding area
- Suez Canal built
- Relied on countryside to feed empire - Focused on keeping istanbul happy ⇒ non-Istanbul states unhappy
-Increased migration over course of period, decreased closer to end
- Millet system
- Variety of religions in regions
⇒ Regions break free, Tanzimat reforms tolerance because of nationalism ideas
⇒ Culture dominated by Western Europeans
- Crimean War - Russians invade Ottomans, Britain and France help, Ottomans win ⇒ concessions to Suez Canal, Russians lose dignity
- Balkan Wars - 1906 - 1912 - nationalism
⇒ lost balkans, egypt, north africa, libya
⇒ individual nationalities, gain independence, fight brutally
- 1882 - british annex egypt
- Was never able to industrialize because of failed self-strengthening movement.
- tanzimat reforms - sultan selim III
⇒ Janissary revolts
- Western educated elites begin to see sultan as barrier to more reforms
⇒ clash with conservative elite - ayan, ulama
- Abdul Hamid - despotic absolutism - limit liberties, nullified constitution, ended in bloodless coup 1908
- Young turks - determined to bring back constitution
- Sultan retained as political figurehead and highest religious authority
- Nationalism - sparked by napoleonistic ideas, fueled balkan revolutions and separation of egypt - individual nationalities, increased by end of period.
- Greece won independence in 1929
- France colonized and took Algeria - Considered a white colony because lots of colonists.
- Same with Italy and Libya
- **Was dissolved by the end of the period, surprising because was able to last a long period of time, with slow declination rates**
- Muhammad ali - economic reforms
- Westernized - railways, telegraphs, newspapers, military
- “Sick man of europe”
- Originally based on trade and agriculture, relied on slaves
- Suez canal → only cotton based agriculture, no more transportation based economy.
- Used Egyptian laborers to be built
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